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Research · Medication

Loop diuretics

Label trials found loop diuretics cut weight and swelling more than placebo in heart failure, and a Cochrane review found blood pressure fell about 8/4 mm Hg. Torsemide and furosemide did not differ in deaths, and furosemide did not change kidney injury outcomes. Low potassium and sodium, raised uric acid and creatinine, and hearing problems at high doses were reported.

Add to Bio HackChecked 2026-11-13
Status
Prescription drugs in the US, FDA-approved for swelling (edema) from heart failure, liver cirrhosis and kidney disease, including nephrotic syndrome. Furosemide tablets and torsemide are also approved for high blood pressure. The furosemide and bumetanide labels carry a boxed warning about profound loss of water and electrolytes.
Also called
furosemide, frusemide, Lasix, Furoscix, torsemide, torasemide, Demadex, Soaanz, bumetanide, Bumex, water pills, high-ceiling diuretics
Taken for
swelling, fluid retention, heart failure, shortness of breath from fluid, high blood pressure, kidney disease swelling, liver cirrhosis fluid, acute kidney injury, fluid before a blood transfusion, high blood calcium, water weight

Strong several reviews agree · Moderate one review or consistent trials · Limited one or a few small studies · Untested no study in people, listed with what it rests on

Shown to help2

Reported risks12

What people take it for, and what was found

Shown to help2

Limited

Swelling and fluid in heart failure

Limited evidence: label trials found torsemide cut weight and swelling more than placebo in heart failure, and higher furosemide doses removed more fluid in acute heart failure.

Compared with placebo [1]; a lower furosemide dose [2]

The numbers and sources
Effect
In controlled trials in NYHA class II to IV heart failure, torsemide 10 to 20 mg a day produced significantly greater reductions in weight and swelling than placebo [1]. In acute heart failure, furosemide at 2.5 times the previous oral dose gave greater fluid removal than the previous dose itself, with a trend toward better symptom scores (P=0.06) and some transient worsening of kidney function [2].
Population
Patients with heart failure in label trials [1]; 308 patients hospitalized with acute decompensated heart failure [2].
Sources
[1], [2]
Caveats
The label gives no sizes for the placebo comparison [1]. The placebo-controlled trials behind the oldest uses are decades old, and no recent pooled placebo-controlled analysis was found.
Moderate

Blood pressure

Shown to lower blood pressure about 8/4 mm Hg more than placebo in high blood pressure, an estimate the review authors called likely too high.

Compared with placebo [9]

The numbers and sources
Effect
Loop diuretics lowered systolic blood pressure 7.9 mm Hg (95% CI 5.4 to 10.4) and diastolic 4.4 mm Hg (95% CI 2.8 to 5.9) more than placebo, with no meaningful difference between drugs in the class. Withdrawals for adverse effects and blood chemistry changes did not differ significantly [9]. Torsemide 5 to 10 mg once a day lowered blood pressure in label trials, near maximal by 4 to 6 weeks [1].
Population
460 people with baseline blood pressure 162/103 mm Hg in 9 trials, mean 8.8 weeks, including furosemide 40 to 60 mg [9]; hypertension trials in the label [1].
Sources
[9], [1]
Caveats
Low quality evidence with likely publication bias. No trial measured heart attacks, strokes or deaths [9]. The furosemide label says people not controlled on thiazides will probably not be controlled on furosemide alone [10].

Mixed results3

Moderate

Preventing or treating acute kidney injury

Mixed results: furosemide did not change deaths or dialysis in kidney injury, while a Cochrane review found less new injury when diuretics were given beforehand.

Compared with placebo or usual care [11]; placebo, no treatment or intravenous fluids [12]

The numbers and sources
Effect
In adults with or at risk of acute kidney failure, furosemide did not change in-hospital mortality (RR 1.11, 95% CI 0.92 to 1.33), need for dialysis (RR 0.99, 95% CI 0.80 to 1.22) or persistent low urine output [11]. For treating established injury, diuretics made little or no difference to dialysis (RR 0.93) or death (RR 1.08) and raised hypotension and arrhythmias. For prevention, diuretics lowered new kidney injury (RR 0.75, 95% CI 0.61 to 0.92, low certainty), dialysis (RR 0.63) and death (RR 0.73) [12].
Population
849 patients in 9 furosemide trials [11]; 9,871 people in 64 studies, 8,078 in prevention studies [12].
Sources
[11], [12]
Caveats
[12] pooled diuretics as a group, not loop diuretics alone, and the prevention finding had high heterogeneity (I² 77%).
Limited

Furosemide before a blood transfusion

Limited evidence: four small trials of furosemide before transfusion measured only breathing and pressure markers, and a Cochrane review found too little evidence to judge clinical benefit.

Compared with no diuretic or placebo before transfusion [13]

The numbers and sources
Effect
One study found better inspired oxygen fraction and two found better pulmonary capillary wedge pressure with furosemide. None measured clinically important outcomes such as transfusion-related fluid overload [13].
Population
100 people in 4 trials [13].
Sources
[13]
Caveats
Too small and too narrow to show clinical benefit or harm [13].
Limited

High blood calcium

Case reports: a review found furosemide for high blood calcium rests only on case reports from before bisphosphonates, with no randomized trial.

Compared with no controlled comparison exists [14]

The numbers and sources
Effect
The evidence for furosemide in managing high blood calcium consisted of case reports published before bisphosphonates were introduced, while multiple randomized trials supported bisphosphonates [14].
Population
Published case reports [14].
Sources
[14]
Caveats
A narrative review, not a pooled analysis.

Not shown to help3

Strong

Torsemide against furosemide in heart failure

Not shown to differ in deaths between torsemide and furosemide in heart failure, 26.1% against 26.2% in the largest trial and in two pooled analyses of trials.

Compared with furosemide [3][4][5][6]

The numbers and sources
Effect
After a hospital stay for heart failure, death occurred in 26.1% on torsemide and 26.2% on furosemide over a median 17.4 months (HR 1.02, 95% CI 0.89 to 1.18), and death or hospitalization at 12 months did not differ (HR 0.92, 95% CI 0.83 to 1.02) [3]. Pooled trials found no difference in deaths (OR 0.99, 95% CI 0.97 to 1.02) or heart failure hospitalization (OR 0.96) [4], and no difference in deaths (RR 0.98, 95% CI 0.87 to 1.10) or heart failure readmission (RR 0.85, 95% CI 0.52 to 1.38) [5]. A pooled analysis that added nonrandomized studies found fewer heart failure hospitalizations on torsemide (OR 0.73, 95% CI 0.54 to 0.99) and no difference in deaths [6].
Population
2,859 adults hospitalized with heart failure at 60 US hospitals, median age 65, 36.9% women [3]; 4,011 patients in 10 trials [4]; 12 trials [5]; 11,996 patients in 17 studies [6].
Sources
[3], [4], [5], [6]
Caveats
The large trial was open-label with crossover and loss to follow-up [3]. Hospitalization findings differed between analyses that did and did not include nonrandomized studies [4][6].
Moderate

Continuous drip against injections in acute heart failure

Not shown to differ in deaths, readmissions or kidney injury between a continuous intravenous drip and repeated injections of loop diuretics in acute heart failure.

Compared with bolus injection [7][2]

The numbers and sources
Effect
All-cause mortality (RR 1.53, 95% CI 0.81 to 2.90), readmission (RR 0.85, 95% CI 0.63 to 1.16) and acute kidney injury (RR 1.02, 95% CI 0.70 to 1.49) did not differ. Weight loss was 0.86 kg greater with a drip, but not in trials at lower risk of bias (MD 0.70 kg, 95% CI -0.06 to 1.46) [7]. In a double-blind trial, symptom scores and creatinine change at 72 hours did not differ between a furosemide drip and injections every 12 hours [2].
Population
681 adults in 7 trials [7]; 308 patients [2].
Sources
[7], [2]
Caveats
Low to very low certainty evidence [7].
Limited

Stopping low-dose furosemide in stable heart failure

One trial found stopping low-dose furosemide in stable heart failure with no fluid retention did not worsen breathlessness over 90 days, and 75% stayed off it.

Compared with continuing furosemide, against placebo [8]

The numbers and sources
Effect
Breathlessness scores did not differ between withdrawal and continued furosemide (median AUC 1,875 against 1,541, P=0.94). 75.3% of the withdrawal group and 83.7% of the continuing group needed no extra furosemide (OR 1.69, 95% CI 0.82 to 3.49). Heart failure events were infrequent and similar [8].
Population
188 stable outpatients with heart failure, ejection fraction 45% or less, on furosemide 40 or 80 mg a day, 25% women [8].
Sources
[8]
Caveats
Small, 90 days, and limited to people with no signs of fluid retention.

Doses studied

The furosemide label gives oral doses starting at 20 to 80 mg for edema and 80 mg a day in divided doses for hypertension [10]. The torsemide label starts at 10 or 20 mg once daily for heart failure swelling, 5 or 10 mg for cirrhosis, and 5 mg for hypertension, with label hypertension trials using 5 to 10 mg [1]. The bumetanide label gives 0.5 to 2 mg as a usual daily oral dose [15]. In acute heart failure, furosemide was given intravenously at the previous oral dose or 2.5 times it [2]. In TRANSFORM-HF, doses of torsemide and furosemide were chosen by investigators [3].

Risks

Reported risks11

LimitedVery common

Raised uric acid and gout

Shown to raise uric acid, about 1.2 mg/dL on torsemide 10 mg, with high uric acid in 18.4% of bumetanide patients tested. Studies linked diuretics to gout, inconsistently.

The numbers and sources
How common
Very common: more than 1 in 10 people.
Effect
Torsemide 10 mg a day for 6 weeks raised serum uric acid a mean 1.2 mg/dL, and the change reversed after stopping [1]. High uric acid was reported in 18.4% of patients tested on bumetanide [15]. A systematic review found a trend toward more acute gout attacks with loop and thiazide diuretics, with inconsistent size and independence [16].
Population
Hypertensive patients in torsemide trials [1]; bumetanide-treated patients [15]; 2 trials, 6 cohort and 5 case-control studies [16].
Sources
[1], [15], [16]
Caveats
The two trials in [16] tested thiazide diuretics, not loop diuretics.
LimitedCommon

Low potassium

Linked to low potassium, more at higher doses, in 14.7% of bumetanide patients tested, while low torsemide doses for blood pressure did not raise it above placebo.

The numbers and sources
How common
Common: between 1 in 100 and 1 in 10 people.
Effect
Low potassium was reported in 14.7% of patients tested on bumetanide [15]. On torsemide 5 or 10 mg for hypertension, serum potassium fell a mean 0.1 mEq/L over 6 weeks, and 1.5% on torsemide and 3% on placebo dropped below 3.5 mEq/L. At the higher doses used for heart failure, cirrhosis or kidney disease, low potassium was more frequent and dose related [1]. In kidney injury trials, diuretics made little or no difference to low potassium (RR 1.20 for prevention, 1.52 for treatment) [12].
Population
Bumetanide-treated patients [15]; 564 people on torsemide and 274 on placebo in US trials [1]; 1,383 and 478 people in kidney injury trials [12].
Sources
[15], [1], [12]
Caveats
The bumetanide figure has no placebo group. Rates depend heavily on dose and on other drugs taken.
LimitedCommon

Low sodium

Linked to low sodium, reported in 9.2% of bumetanide patients tested. The labels warn of low sodium and other electrolyte losses.

The numbers and sources
How common
Common: between 1 in 100 and 1 in 10 people.
Effect
Low sodium was reported in 9.2% of patients tested on bumetanide, alongside low chloride in 14.9% [15]. The furosemide label lists low sodium, low chloride alkalosis, low potassium, low magnesium and low calcium among the imbalances to watch for [10].
Population
Bumetanide-treated patients [15]; label statements [10].
Sources
[15], [10]
Caveats
No placebo comparison for these rates.
LimitedCommon

Kidney function

Linked to small rises in creatinine and urea, with raised creatinine in 7.4% of bumetanide patients tested. High furosemide doses caused transient worsening of kidney function in one trial.

The numbers and sources
How common
Common: between 1 in 100 and 1 in 10 people.
Effect
Torsemide 10 mg a day for 6 weeks raised blood urea nitrogen a mean 1.8 mg/dL and creatinine 0.05 mg/dL, reversing after stopping [1]. Raised creatinine was reported in 7.4% and raised urea (azotemia) in 10.6% of patients tested on bumetanide [15]. In acute heart failure, the high-dose furosemide strategy brought transient worsening of kidney function [2].
Population
Hypertensive patients [1]; bumetanide-treated patients [15]; 308 patients [2].
Sources
[1], [15], [2]
Caveats
Creatinine changes during fluid removal can reflect less blood volume rather than kidney damage. No placebo group for the bumetanide figures.
ModerateCommon

Frequent urination

Shown to raise excessive urination in placebo-controlled trials, 6.7% on torsemide against 2.2% on placebo, and 15% at 10 mg for blood pressure.

The numbers and sources
How common
Common: between 1 in 100 and 1 in 10 people.
Effect
In US placebo-controlled trials, excessive urination occurred in 6.7% on torsemide and 2.2% on placebo. In hypertension trials it rose with dose, 1% on placebo, 4% on 5 mg and 15% on 10 mg [1].
Population
564 people on torsemide and 274 on placebo, treated 1 to 52 days [1].
Sources
[1]
Caveats
Excessive urination was generally not reported as an adverse event in people treated for heart, kidney or liver failure [1].
LimitedCommon

Blood sugar

Linked to small rises in blood sugar, about 5.5 mg/dL on torsemide 10 mg, with high blood sugar in 6.6% of bumetanide patients tested.

The numbers and sources
How common
Common: between 1 in 100 and 1 in 10 people.
Effect
Torsemide 10 mg a day raised serum glucose a mean 5.5 mg/dL after 6 weeks and 1.8 mg/dL more over a year, while fasting glucose did not change significantly in long-term studies in people with diabetes [1]. High blood sugar was reported in 6.6% of patients tested on bumetanide [15].
Population
Hypertensive and diabetic patients in torsemide studies [1]; bumetanide-treated patients [15].
Sources
[1], [15]
Caveats
Small changes, no placebo group for the bumetanide figure.
LimitedHow often is not known

FDA boxed warning: profound fluid and electrolyte loss

The furosemide and bumetanide labels warn these potent diuretics, in excessive amounts, can cause profound loss of water and electrolytes, so dosing needs medical supervision.

The numbers and sources
How common
How often is not known: the sources give no rate.
Effect
Both labels carry a boxed warning that the drug is a potent diuretic which, if given in excessive amounts, can lead to a profound diuresis with water and electrolyte depletion, and that dose and schedule must be adjusted to the individual [10][15]. The furosemide label adds that excessive diuresis may cause dehydration, low blood volume, circulatory collapse and possibly blood clots, particularly in older people [10].
Population
Label statements [10][15].
Sources
[10], [15]
Caveats
The labels give no rate.
ModerateHow often is not known

Hearing loss and ringing in the ears

Linked to temporary deafness and ringing in the ears at high furosemide doses, about four times the risk in pooled trials. The labels warn of hearing loss.

The numbers and sources
How common
How often is not known: the sources give no rate.
Effect
High-dose furosemide raised the risk of temporary deafness and tinnitus (RR 3.97, 95% CI 1.00 to 15.78) [11]. The furosemide label reports tinnitus and reversible or irreversible hearing loss, usually with rapid injection, severe kidney impairment, doses above those on the label, low blood protein or aminoglycoside antibiotics [10]. The torsemide label states hearing loss is usually reversible [1].
Population
849 patients in 9 trials [11]; label statements [10][1].
Sources
[11], [10], [1]
Caveats
The interval in [11] reaches 1.00, and neither source gives a rate.
LimitedHow often is not known

Low blood pressure and dehydration

The labels warn of low blood pressure and dehydration from excess fluid loss, and in kidney injury trials diuretics raised hypotension about twofold.

The numbers and sources
How common
How often is not known: the sources give no rate.
Effect
The furosemide label reports postural hypotension and warns that excessive diuresis can cause dehydration and circulatory collapse [10]. In trials treating established kidney injury, diuretics raised hypotension (RR 1.99, 95% CI 1.16 to 3.41) and arrhythmias (RR 1.62, 95% CI 1.12 to 2.33) [12].
Population
Label statements [10]; 720 and 1,011 people in kidney injury trials [12].
Sources
[10], [12]
Caveats
The kidney injury trials enrolled critically ill people and pooled diuretics as a group [12].
LimitedHow often is not known

Fractures

Linked to more hip fractures in two observational studies, 16% more after adjustment in Denmark and about 1.5 to 1.7 times the odds in older Italians.

The numbers and sources
How common
How often is not known: the sources give no rate.
Effect
Ever use of loop diuretics was linked to any fracture (adjusted OR 1.04, 95% CI 1.01 to 1.07) and hip fracture (adjusted OR 1.16, 95% CI 1.10 to 1.23), with higher estimates for furosemide than bumetanide [17]. In people aged 70 to 90, current loop diuretic use was linked to hip fracture hospitalization (case-control OR 1.67, 95% CI 1.28 to 2.18, case-crossover OR 1.49, 95% CI 1.05 to 2.10) [18].
Population
64,699 fracture cases and 194,111 controls aged 40 or older in Denmark [17]; 81,617 patients aged 70 to 90 in Lombardy, 2,153 with hip fracture [18].
Sources
[17], [18]
Caveats
Observational. The authors of [18] point to falls, and illness itself may explain part of the link.
LimitedHow often is not known

Drug interactions

The labels warn of more hearing damage with aminoglycoside antibiotics, lithium toxicity, weaker effect with indomethacin, and low blood pressure and kidney decline with ACE inhibitors or ARBs.

The numbers and sources
How common
How often is not known: the sources give no rate.
Effect
Furosemide may raise the ear toxicity of aminoglycoside antibiotics, and the combination is to be avoided except in life-threatening situations. Diuretics reduce lithium clearance, with a high risk of lithium toxicity. Indomethacin may reduce furosemide's effect on sodium and blood pressure, and aspirin temporarily reduced kidney clearance in one small study. With ACE inhibitors or ARBs, furosemide may lead to severe low blood pressure and worse kidney function. Sucralfate may reduce its effect [10]. The torsemide label reports ear toxicity with gentamicin [1].
Population
Label statements and case reports [10][1].
Sources
[10], [1]
Caveats
Label warnings, mostly without measured rates.

Mixed results1

LimitedHow often is not known

Allergy in people with a sulfa allergy

Mixed results: the labels warn that people allergic to sulfonamides may react, while a large cohort found reactions to nonantibiotic sulfonamide drugs reflected general allergy tendency, not cross-reactivity.

The numbers and sources
How common
How often is not known: the sources give no rate.
Effect
The furosemide and bumetanide labels state that patients allergic to sulfonamides may also be allergic to these drugs [10][15]. In a UK cohort, 9.9% of people who had reacted to a sulfonamide antibiotic reacted to a later sulfonamide nonantibiotic, against 1.6% of people who had not (adjusted OR 2.8), but their risk after a penicillin was higher still (adjusted OR 3.9), and the authors attributed the link to a predisposition to allergy [19].
Population
969 people with and 19,257 without a prior sulfonamide antibiotic reaction [19].
Sources
[10], [15], [19]
Caveats
The cohort grouped all sulfonamide nonantibiotics and did not report loop diuretics separately [19].

Possible, not studied in people1

Untested

Use in pregnancy

Not studied in people. Animal studies found unexplained maternal deaths and miscarriages in rabbits given furosemide at 2 to 8 times the top human dose.

No study in people. This rests on animal studies.

The numbers and sources
Effect
The furosemide label states there are no adequate controlled studies in pregnant women. Furosemide caused unexplained maternal deaths and abortions in rabbits at 2, 4 and 8 times the maximum human dose on the label, and the label advises monitoring fetal growth because of the potential for higher birth weights [10].
Population
Rabbits, rats and mice [10].
Sources
[10]
Caveats
Animal data only.

Claims tested and not found

  1. That furosemide prevents death or dialysis in acute kidney injury. Across 9 trials, furosemide did not change in-hospital mortality (RR 1.11) or need for dialysis (RR 0.99) [11].
  2. That torsemide lowers deaths more than furosemide in heart failure. In 2,859 patients, deaths were 26.1% and 26.2% (HR 1.02) [3], and pooled trials agreed [4][5].
  3. That a continuous drip removes fluid better than injections. Death, readmission and kidney injury did not differ, and the weight difference disappeared in trials at lower risk of bias [7][2].
  4. That people allergic to sulfa antibiotics cross-react to nonantibiotic sulfonamide drugs. Their reaction risk was higher still with penicillins, pointing to general allergy tendency rather than cross-reactivity [19].

Related

Thiazide diureticsSpironolactone

Sources

  1. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Torsemide tablets, prescribing information. 2026. DailyMed. https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=09305350-e317-419c-96f5-aa8fbeb4044d
  2. Felker GM, Lee KL, Bull DA, et al. Diuretic strategies in patients with acute decompensated heart failure. New England Journal of Medicine. 2011. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1005419
  3. Mentz RJ, Anstrom KJ, Eisenstein EL, et al. Effect of Torsemide vs Furosemide After Discharge on All-Cause Mortality in Patients Hospitalized With Heart Failure: The TRANSFORM-HF Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA. 2023. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2022.23924
  4. Eid MM, Altibi AM, Reda Mostafa M, et al. Efficacy of torsemide versus furosemide in heart failure: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Archives of Medical Science Atherosclerotic Diseases. 2026. https://doi.org/10.5114/amsad/210582
  5. Gudushauri N, Polintan ET, Lemonjava I, et al. Torsemide vs. furosemide in congestive heart failure: a systematic-review and meta-analysis on mortality and rehospitalization. Acta Cardiologica. 2025. https://doi.org/10.1080/00015385.2025.2460406
  6. Siddiqi AK, Javaid H, Ahmed M, et al. Clinical Outcomes With Furosemide Versus Torsemide in Patients With Heart Failure: An Updated Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Current Problems in Cardiology. 2023. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpcardiol.2023.101927
  7. Rasoul D, Zhang J, Farnell E, et al. Continuous infusion versus bolus injection of loop diuretics for acute heart failure. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD014811.pub2
  8. Rohde LE, Rover MM, Figueiredo Neto JA, et al. Short-term diuretic withdrawal in stable outpatients with mild heart failure and no fluid retention receiving optimal therapy: a double-blind, multicentre, randomized trial. European Heart Journal. 2019. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehz554
  9. Musini VM, Rezapour P, Wright JM, et al. Blood pressure-lowering efficacy of loop diuretics for primary hypertension. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2015. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD003825.pub4
  10. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. LASIX (furosemide) tablets, prescribing information. 2025. DailyMed. https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=2c9b4d8f-0770-482d-a9e6-9c616a440b1a
  11. Ho KM, Sheridan DJ. Meta-analysis of frusemide to prevent or treat acute renal failure. BMJ. 2006. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.38902.605347.7C
  12. Hashimoto H, Yamada H, Murata M, et al. Diuretics for preventing and treating acute kidney injury. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2025. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD014937.pub2
  13. Sarai M, Tejani AM. Loop diuretics for patients receiving blood transfusions. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2015. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD010138.pub2
  14. LeGrand SB, Leskuski D, Zama I. Narrative review: furosemide for hypercalcemia: an unproven yet common practice. Annals of Internal Medicine. 2008. https://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-149-4-200808190-00007
  15. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Bumetanide tablets, prescribing information. 2026. DailyMed. https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=8914d8bf-61b7-4cd2-a8ef-7e1c5df37828
  16. Hueskes BA, Roovers EA, Mantel-Teeuwisse AK, et al. Use of diuretics and the risk of gouty arthritis: a systematic review. Seminars in Arthritis and Rheumatism. 2012. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.semarthrit.2011.11.008
  17. Rejnmark L, Vestergaard P, Mosekilde L. Fracture risk in patients treated with loop diuretics. Journal of Internal Medicine. 2006. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2796.2005.01585.x
  18. Corrao G, Mazzola P, Monzio Compagnoni M, et al. Antihypertensive Medications, Loop Diuretics, and Risk of Hip Fracture in the Elderly: A Population-Based Cohort Study of 81,617 Italian Patients Newly Treated Between 2005 and 2009. Drugs and Aging. 2015. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40266-015-0306-5
  19. Strom BL, Schinnar R, Apter AJ, et al. Absence of cross-reactivity between sulfonamide antibiotics and sulfonamide nonantibiotics. New England Journal of Medicine. 2003. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa022963

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